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  • br Acknowledgements br Introductio http www apexbt com

    2019-07-16


    Acknowledgements
    Introduction TB is also widely prescribed as a stain to identify proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in agarose gel electrophoresis (Dietrich and Dietrich, 1976; Coulson-Thomas et al., 2015). In addition, as adjunct to a photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy assay, TB is used to inhibit the viability of biofilms produced by bacteria and fungi (Moreira et al., 2018a; Moslemi et al., 2018; Pinto et al., 2018; Rout et al., 2018). TB staining has also been proposed for in vivo diagnostic purposes aiming to identify tumoral processes in the oral cavity. This procedure has been analyzed critically in a recent review, because of the diversity of results presented by different authors (Sridharan and Shankar, 2012). Even so, as just a general screening modality and as an adjunct to the clinical examination, this test is still considered useful by many authors (Chlabra et al., 2015). In plants, various types of tissue elements, including lignified walls, collenchyma and parenchyma have been known since 1930 to exhibit different colors, when stained with TB (Czaja, 1930; O’Brien et al., 1964). More recently, besides routinely applied to a general morphological characterization of plant Maraviroc and tissues, TB staining has been used for other purposes. These include detection of changes in the composition of cell walls in response to mineral stress (Fernandes et al., 2016), and description of general changes associated with seedling stages (de Miranda et al., 2017), as well as of the level of resistance to root-knot nematodes in tomato plants (Li et al., 2017). Wound suberization after physical injury in fruits has also been estimated using TB staining (Han et al., 2018). The TB molecule has a planar distribution of atoms. According to Vidal (1963), based on concepts developed by Pauling (1948), the TB molecule undergoes stabilization of one of its resonance hybrids (Fig. 1) when linked to a substrate (Vidal, 1963).For cytochemical and histochemical use, 0.025% or 10−3–10-4 M TB solutions prepared in McIlvaine buffer, that is composed of various proportions of 0.1 M citric acid and 0.1 M disodium phosphate, are indicated (Lison, 1960). The pH of the buffer solution is very important for the electrostatic binding of TB molecules to specific anionic substrates, depending on the availability of free dye binding sites (Lison, 1960). Sulfate groups, such as those occurring in the sulfated GAGs available in cartilages and mast cell granules are revealed using TB solutions at pH ≥ 2.5 (Fig. 2a, b). Regarding mast cells, particularly, their rapid identification and quantification necessary for clinical and diagnostic purposes has been permitted using TB staining (Arzi et al., 2010; Natesan et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018; de Oliveira-Silva et al., 2018; Joseph et al., 2018; Kabiraj et al., 2018; Ribatti, 2018; Yang et al., 2018). COO− groups of carboxylated GAGs are reactive with TB in solutions at pH higher than 4.0 (Lison, 1960). DNA and RNA phosphate groups not bound to protein residues are better identified when using TB solutions in the pH range of 3.5–4.1 (Fig. 2c–e). In addition, enzymatic digestions allow monitoring of the identification of substrates responsive to TB staining (Fig. 2e). Protein COO− groups can also react with TB Maraviroc in solutions at elevated pH values; however, there are many cytochemical methods better than basophilia reactions to reveal and even quantify proteins (Pimentel et al., 1981; Vidal and Mello, 2005).
    Metachromasy
    Critical electrolyte concentration in TB-stained chromatin
    Linear dichroism and dispersion of birefringence in TB-stained substrates with an ordered stereo-arrangement
    Conclusion
    Author statement
    Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to Dr. Marcelo E. Beletti for kindly supplying Fig. 5c and to Mr. Eli H. dos Anjos for formatting part of the micrographs. The São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP, Brazil; grant no. 2015/10356-2) and the Brazilian National Council for Research and Development (CNPq, grant no. 304668/2014-1) supported this work. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.