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  • Perhexiline maleate Lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation are t

    2019-07-18

    Lipolysis and fatty Perhexiline maleate oxidation are two important mechanisms involved in fat reduction. Over stimulation of lipolysis increases the level of FFAs in the serum and causes metabolic perturbation (Koutsari and Jensen, 2006). A large inflow of FFAs to the mitochondria may lead to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cell death (Engin, 2017). Lipotoxicity occurs due to unbalanced lipolysis (Bülow et al., 2017) or impaired β-oxidation (Haffar et al., 2015). Therefore, Langin (2006) suggested that the control of molecules that stimulate lipolysis and fatty acid (FA) oxidation release could be a useful approach to decrease fat accumulation. Forskolin seems to be an efficient supplement compared to other weight management compounds like l-carnitine and fenofibrate have been used, which showed different degrees of effectiveness in lipid metabolism. Using l-carnitine, Li et al. (2017) showed enhanced mitochondrial β-oxidation activities and decreased lipid in liver and muscle tissues of treated zebrafish. However, l-carnitine application showed no effects on lipid metabolism in some fish species like African catfish (Torreele et al., 1993), hybrid tilapia (Yang et al., 2009) and hybrid striped bass (Twibell and Brown, 2000) or even caused negative effects on lipid metabolism in red sea bream (Chatzifotis et al., 1995) and rainbow trout (Selcuk et al., 2010). By using fenofibrate, Ning et al. (2016) indicated increased PPARα mRNA expression and decreased hepatic TG in Nile tilapia. Their following work also showed decreased hepatic and plasma TG in Nile tilapia fed with on fat diet supplemented with fenofibrate (Ning et al., 2017). However, these authors pointed out that dietary fenofibrate did not change mesenteric fat quantity and TG concentrations in muscle and adipose tissues. Interestingly in the present study, a significant increase in serum FFAs was also obtained when the fish were fed with 1.5 mg/kg forskolin in the in vivo experiments. However, considering the up-regulation of genes such as PPAR α, FABP-1, CPT-1 and ACO, which are all related to fatty acid β-oxidation, forskolin is likely to increase lipolysis to stimulate fatty acid breakdown. Previous studies have also indicated that, forskolin can up-regulate both PPAR isoforms (α, β, γ) in salmon (Pavlikova et al., 2010) and increase FA β-oxidation in vitro and in vivo in mice (Gerhart-Hines et al., 2011). Therefore, forskolin modulates lipid metabolism in fish because the circulation of lipolysis-mediated FFAs has been identified as the ligand of PPARα (Narala et al., 2010; Pace et al., 2008) and the activation of PPARα also triggers FA β-oxidation (Leone et al., 1999; Storch and Thumser, 2000; Wakil and Abu-Elheiga, 2009). These results suggest that, forskolin supplementation can systemically increase the lipid catabolism pathways and efficiently reduce body lipid accumulation in cultured fish.
    Conclusion The following are the supplementary data related to this article.
    Introduction Obesity, a common health problem in developed countries, is caused by caloric overconsumption or metabolic disorders and is closely associated with several conditions, including diabetes mellitus (DM), heart attack, and stroke. Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata (family Orchidaceae), an endemic species in Taiwan, has traditionally been used in herbal medicine for patients with hypertension or DM (Tseng et al., 2006). Kinsenoside (3-O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(3R)‐hydroxybutanolide), a major compound of A. formosanus (Du et al., 2001), exhibits diverse pharmacological properties, including antihyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities (Du et al., 2001, Du et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2013, Shih et al., 2002, Wu et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2007). In addition, kinsenoside can alleviate complications associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of kinsenoside on lipid metabolism has not been revealed.