En este escenario global M

En este escenario global, México tiene ante sí el reto histórico de trascender su condición de país atrasado en el concierto internacional, y que ante la fallida estrategia de industrialización por sustitución de importaciones, lo llevó a integrarse a través del tlcan en los eslabones bajo y medio de las cadenas globales de valor, en una situación de continua dependencia del ciclo económico estadounidense. Superar esta condición implica para México transitar desde la vía de desarrollo neoliberal hacia la conformación de un nuevo proyecto de desarrollo bajo premisas nacionales, que integre los condicionantes del crecimiento económico en el Capitalismo del Conocimiento –principalmente la conformación de un ciclo interno e incluyente de conocimiento a partir del fortalecimiento del sector científico educativo, la promoción de sectores industriales estratégicos vinculados con la electrónica, la informática y las telecomunicaciones y la promoción de infraestructura física vinculada a este sector, así como el despliegue de estrategias locales de desarrollo bajo las premisas anteriores– como una forma de integrarse exitosamente en el ttp, superando la experiencia de inserción al tlcan, que además trajo consigo un desarrollo geográfico desigual entre las regiones norte y sur del país, debido a una lógica escalar de inserción a partir de la glocalización o vinculación directa entre lo local y lo global, por lo que es necesario reformular el establecimiento de las Zonas Económicas Especiales en el suroeste del país con el fin de articular las escalas regionales con la escala supranacional bajo la mediación de una escala nacional reconfigurada.
Introduction The failure of capitalism in the vast majority of the Third World became apparent in the 1960s through the 1970s because during this CB-5083 cost time countries with high growth rates experienced a myriad of problems, including an increase in inequality and poverty (Sen, 1985; Cornia, 1974), from the 1980s to the present day, poor countries have faced economic stagnation and crises. In the 2000s, capitalism has failed in developed countries. On the one hand, some of these countries, including the United States, have experienced economic stagnation and poverty levels are higher than those that prevailed during the 1970s. On the other hand, other countries, such as those in Europe, have undergone stagnation and minimal poverty reduction during the 2000s. Today, the world is in the deepest economic crisis since the Great Depression. This article proceeds as follows. After this brief introduction, the evolution of poverty in the United States and Europe is described in Section 2. In Section 3, the concept of poverty and its causes, based on classical and neoclassical roots, is examined. In Section 4, we describe why neoclassical explanations of poverty have become so dominant the present day. In section 5, we offer a rebuttal to classical and neoclassical ideas based on Karl Marx\'s foundations. Concluding remarks are presented in section 6.
Evolution of poverty in the US and Europe Researchers have noted the surprising increase in poverty rates in the 1990s and 2000s in developed countries. After all, not many years ago R. Brenner (2002) recounted how Alan Greenspan (the former Federal Reserve chair) characterized the 1990s as the most impressive era in capacity production in US history. However, in spite of Greenspan\'s assessment, there were more poor people in the United States in 2012 than in, the 1970s. From 1963/64 to 1973/74 poverty declined sharply from 19 to 11.1%, which at the time was the lowest level since World War II (Levine, 2001) (see Figure 1). The decline in the rate of poverty was, to some degree, due to the antipoverty program established in 1964 by President Lyndon Johnson (1963-1969) (see Lowe, 1989; Hobsbawm 2003; Ciocca, 2000; Levine, 2000). However, this program ended in 1974, perhaps in line with the world crisis of 1973/74. Since then, the poverty rate has experienced cyclical ups and downs, with three peaks in 1983, 1993 and 2010. During 1983 the poverty rate was 15.2%, and during 1993 and 2010 the rate was 15.1%. Two variables appear to be influential in the evolution of the index of poverty: (1) the unemployment rate, especially since the mid-1970s to the present day, and (2) the increase in public spending and tax cuts especially in the late 1970\'s, the mid-1980\'s (see Armstrong, Glyn, and Harrison 1991) and the mid-1990\'s.