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  • In conclusion this study indicated

    2020-03-24

    In conclusion, this study indicated that D. tripetala and A. melengueta extracts inhibited CYP 3A enzyme both in vitro and in vivo. Although these inhibitions may appear to be weak from the US FDA classification point of view, caution must be applied in the concurrent use of herbal preparations containing these extracts with conventional medications to avoid possible herb-drug interactions.
    Conflict of interest statement
    Acknowledgement We sincerely appreciate the management of Neros Pharmaceuticals Ltd and Vinco Pharmaceuticals Nig. Ltd for their financial support and assistance in providing some equipment used for the study.
    Introduction The combination of synthetic drugs and traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is one of the most important approaches in clinical treatment in China. While in most cases, co-administration of these drugs is actually being practiced lacking research evidence on drug-drug interaction (DDI). Case reports and clinical studies outside of China have highlighted the existence of a number of clinically important herb-drug interactions, concerned mainly with St John\'s wort, Echinacea, garlic, gingko, ginseng, goldenseal, and milk thistle, although cause-and-effect relationships have not always been established (Hermann and von Richter, 2012, Izzo and Ernst, 2009, Izzo et al., 2016). A number of investigations on animals in recent years also indicated that administration of either herbal ingredients (Pan et al., 2011, Qin et al., 2015) or CGP 42112 australia formulas (Geng et al., 2015, Ohnishi et al., 2002, Ueng et al., 2002) of TCMs could bring significant impact on cytochromes P450 enzymes. By these still limited research data, TCMs exerts no unusual safety in terms of DDI, but the likelihood of interactive risk due to shortage of enough research concerned. Sailuotong (SLT) is a standard herbal preparation composed of ginseng (the dried root and rhizome of Panax ginsengC. A. Meyer), ginkgo (the leaves of L.), and saffron (thestigmaof Crocus sativus L.), with ginseng ginsenosides, ginkgo biloba flavonoids and terpenoids along with crocins as major active ingredients. SLT is formulated for the treatment of vascular dementia based on the function of its herbal components. Ginseng is widely used as a tonic for restoration of strength in China. Its function of cognition-enhancing, anti-anxiety and anti-depression have been recorded in ancient medical literature of Bencaogangmu in 16th century. Ginkgo and saffron have been traditionally used for a long time as medicines with main effect of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis according to their function described in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In recent decades, commercial extracts of ginkgo has been most frequently prescribed as preparations for improving cerebral blood circulation and enhancing memory due to their vasodilatation, anticoagulant, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities (Luo, 2001). Accumulating evidence indicated the efficacy of saffron in attenuating memory disorders related to AD, cerebral injuries, or schizophrenia both in animal models and clinical observation (Pitsikas, 2015). Pharmacological studies on SLT have demonstrated its effectiveness in treating focal cerebral ischemia and focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats (Xu et al., 2012, Xu et al., 2008, Zhang et al., 2015, Zheng et al., 2010). International clinical trials on efficiency of SLT have been carried in China and Australia cooperatively (Liang et al., 2014, Steiner et al., 2016). The outcome of two preliminary pilot trials in Australia showed SLT has the potential to improve working memory performance in healthy adults and greater effects than placebo on VD assessment scale-cognitive subscale in VD patients (Liu et al., 2007, Steiner et al., 2016). Vascular dementia is a chronic disease, requiring long-term drug treatment. It commonly occurs in elderly people, Reassociation of DNA frequently suffer from other concurrent chronic diseases and are thus prescribed a variety of drugs. Consequently, adverse metabolic DDIs may be encountered in these patients.