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    • Annexin V-Cy3 Apoptosis Kit The present study explores Iris

    2018-11-12

    The present study explores Irish climate characteristics in relation to wind comfort at outdoor locations, through a case study—an urban square situated at the vibrant city core in a regenerated urban quarter, the Docklands of Dublin. The selected urban space, the Grand Canal Square, forms a substantial part of the Dockland\'s cultural quarter and provides space also for recreation. The research studies the link between contemporary urban planning in Ireland and the created urban microclimates through the example of a cultural city quarter. This topic is timely, as urban policy makers promote creation of cultural and mixed use environment for living, working and entertainment, as part of place boosterism and marketing strategies, in the hope of attracting investment (Fox-Rogers, 2011). In addition, cities promote outdoor, healthy living and urban design that encourages citizens to engage in recreational activities. The core strategy of the Dublin City Development Plan 2011–2017 evokes shaping Dublin\'s character through transforming the city\'s form and structure into a compact, green, well connected and quality mixed use environment (Dublin City Council, 2007). This strategy implies health conscious city planning and provision of cultural and recreational facilities within the city core—again, also in the spirit of place boosterism. It is therefore likely that the number of cultural quarters will grow in the future and more urban squares of this Annexin V-Cy3 Apoptosis Kit character will emerge as this policy approach continues to be in vogue (Fox-Rogers, 2011).
    The climate of Ireland Ireland is situated on the very western boundary of Europe, between latitude 51° and 55°N and longitude 5° and 10°W. The two major elements shaping Ireland\'s climate are the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean (and the Gulf Stream) and the westerly atmospheric circulation that ensures Ireland\'s climate is dominated by maritime influences (Rohan, 1975). Ireland\'s climate may be described as middle-latitude, marine west-coast (Cfb according to Köppen\'s classification (Péczely, 1979)). The island has a mild climate with a small annual temperature range around a mean temperature of 9°C. Precipitation occurs throughout the year with receipt ranging from 800 to 2800mm across the country. Mean annual wind speed is consistently high, with mean values of 7m/s in the northwest. The prevailing wind directions are westerly and south-westerly, off the Atlantic Ocean. Dublin\'s climate is slightly less windy and wet than the average for Ireland. However, the mean annual wind speed is high: 6m/s. Figure 1 depicts the wind rose for Dublin Airport. It shows the frequency of occurrence of different wind speed intervals as percentage of the total time period, in function of the direction. Winds occur from the prevailing wind directions (W, WSW, SW, SSW and WNW) 57% of the total time period of wind occurrence. The numbers of the scale (3.3, 6.6, 9.8, 13.0 and 16.3) indicate in %, the fraction of the total time period of each wind speed interval, for each wind direction. Example: W winds exceeding 6.5m/s occur about 6.5% of the year (difference between 16.3% and 9.8%). Although the annual rainfall in Dublin is just 1000mm, it receives this over 150 days as low intensity events (IMS, 2011; Szűcs and Mills, 2011). Not surprisingly then, cloud cover is often extensive and the annual number of bright sunshine hours is relatively low. Rain and high winds are the two sources of outdoor discomfort in Dublin - presenting a challenge in urban design. Atmospheric variables, altered by the convoluted morphology of urban areas, determine to a great extent the environmental quality of outdoor spaces and therefore thermal comfort of citizens frequenting them. In spite of its relevancy, the question of human thermal and wind comfort has received little attention in outdoor locations in Ireland; a study produced by Leech (1985) on summer thermal comfort in relation to adverse effect of rain seems to be the sole available publication in the field.