Guggul is a natural gum resin which is obtained

Guggul is a natural gum resin which is obtained from plant Commiphora Mukul or Commiphora Wightii belonging to family Burceacea. This oleo gum resin is generally used in Ayurvedic formulations for treatment of obesity, inflammation, rheumatism, acne, arthrosclerosis etc. The purpose of using guggul is to produce synergistic effect and to provide medicinal value to Guggulosomes. Guggul produces bioactive compounds such as guggulsterone (E and Z stereoisomer) and guggul lipid. A new triterpene Myrrhanol A is isolated from Commiphora Mukul which produces potent anti-inflammatory effect by reducing regulation of inflammatory mediators such as interleukins, transcription factor, and collagenase and hyaluronidase enzymes [5,15]. Guggulsterones also supports in platelet functioning and fibrinolytic activity and also in maintain cardiovascular support [6,7]. Phenylbutazone is an acidic, lipophilic, NSAID, categorized under anti-inflammatory category has been recommended for arthritis, pain, inflammation property. It bounds highly to plasma protein. Phenylbutazone exerts its anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the Cyclooxygenase enzyme and by inhibiting inflammatory mediators such as PGs. Using guggulosomes topically can eliminate side effects, increase patient compliance and avoid first pass metabolism. In guggulosomes, phenylbutazone was used as drug which has anti-inflammatory property which resembles with property of guggul lipid and causes synergistic effect also helps in reducing drug dose in formulations and helps in minimizing side effect.
Material and methods
Result and discussion The ATR-FTIR results of pure drug, guggul lipid, cholesterol and phenylbutazone loaded guggulosomes containing major SB431542 manufacturer band peaks are shown in (Fig. 1) A) Guggul B) Phenylbutazone C) Cholesterol and D) F3 (formulation). ATR-FTIR spectra of the drug shows major characteristic absorption bands peaks at 3183.97 cm−1 due to NH stretching, 3014.60 cm−1 due to CH stretching,2955.18 cm−1 due to CH vibration, 1737.58 cm−1 due to C = 0 (ketone), 1671.98  cm−1due to CC stretching, 1583.80  cm−1due to stretching of aromatic (CC) group, 1409.31  cm−1due to CH2 bending, 1383.07, 1340.77 and 1260.96  cm−1due to OH bending, 1095.11 and 1026.82  cm−1due to CF bending, 1169.51 cm−1 due to C-0 stretch, 884.52 cm−1 due to distribution of aromatic protons and 759 cm−1 due to CH2 rocking respectively. Prepared formulations were also scanned for the same region and found that the peaks lies almost in the very close range. The peaks of formulation F3 was found to be very closer to the peaks of pure drug phenylbutazone i.e. 3014.60, 1737.58, 1583.80, 1169.51, 1085.17, and 884.52 cm−1 the result revealed that there was no considerable change in the IR peaks of phenylbutazone and optimized formulation. Surface morphology and 3-dimensional nature of guggulosomes was confirmed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which was performed by using lyophilized sample coated with gold and operated at 20 kV at a magnification of 3300×. SEM image of drug loaded formulation F3 shown in (Fig. 2) indicate that the guggulosomes prepared by trituration method (F3) retain their spherical shaped vesicles with less size range of 200–550 nm. The 3-Dimensional image of guggulosomes of optimized formulation F3 was captured by AFM surface topographic imaging has shown in (Fig. 2), which provides information about the morphological characteristics of prepared guggulosomes suspension. Further, the surface morphology demonstrate the height of the guggulosomes prepared by trituration method (F3) have height 7.277 nm, area 6726.828(nm2) and diameter 268.196(nm). By the help of AFM it was also possible to observe that the displayed guggulosomes was spherical in shape and having smooth surface. In this study, DSC experiments involved the study of thermal behavior for phenylbutazone, guggul lipid, and cholesterol and lyophilized (F3) guggulosomes samples. The results of DSC study was shown in (Fig. 3) A) Guggul Lipid B) F3 C) Cholesterol and D) Phenylbutazone. The DSC thermogram of Phenylbutazone exhibited a sharp endothermic peak at 116.15 °C of drug. Melting point of guggul lipid, cholesterol was seen at 92.89 °C, 148.63 °C. The result shows the disappearance of the pure drug peak in the formulation due to an increase in heating rate cycle (above 5 K/min.). Thus from this study we can conclude that the optimized formulation has no interaction with the other polymers.